Haeckel was a committed secularist. He despised religion and thought only scientific knowledge had  any value. He not only saw Darwinism as the correct explanation of the origin and development of life on earth, he evangelized for it. Many of his statements asserting the factual truth of Darwinism and attacking religion as false and opposed to science are identical in content and in spirit to those uttered by present-day champions of those same ideas. 

Unfortunately, Haeckel’s pursuit of disinterested and objective scientific truth was combined with a belief in German racial superiority. He saw blacks as inherently inferior, and imagined that the superior northern Europeans had through evolutionary struggle attained to the top of the evolutionary pyramid. 

Haeckel also advocated militarism and imperialism. He upgraded the evolutionary concept of survival of the fittest to the level of nations and of races. Thus, if one nation defeated a weaker one and seized its territory, this was only an illustration of the basic law that was the foundation of our earthly existence. If a stronger and superior race – in this case the white Europeans – subjugated weaker and inferior races, this was only natural, an example of evolution in action. 

Racism, imperialism, Aryan supremacy, militarism, political authoritarianism (democracy after all does not agree with the rule of the stronger that is the basis of existence in the evolutionary scenario) – Haeckel had some very important ideas in common with Hitler. The many parallels between the thought of the two men led Prof. Daniel Gasman to argue that Haeckel personally contributed greatly to the development of National Socialism [1]. 

His case is documented with ample evidence from Haeckel’s own writings, and has met with a significant amount of support. Yet, it has met with objections from different angles. Prof. Richard Weikart in his book From Darwin to Hitler agrees that some of Hitler’s words or writings sound as if they could have been taken directly from Haeckel, and sees a connection, but differs significantly from Gasman on two points. First, he points out that many people in Germany at that time held similar views, and asserts that Gasman oversimplifies the Hitler-Haeckel connection [2].

Secondly, Weikart disagrees with Gasman on the extent to which Haeckel’s beliefs were consistent with scientific Darwinism as Darwin himself taught it. Gasman stresses the many profound differences between Haeckel and Darwin and separates the two, claiming that Haeckel represented not Darwinism, but a German distortion of it. Weikart recognizes the existence of obvious differences between Darwin and his German admirers (of whom Haeckel was the most prominent), yet states that the Darwinian view of life as a purposeless and amoral struggle in which the death of the unfit was essential to progress did contribute significantly, in spite of differences and along with other factors, to the development of National Socialism in Germany. 

Prof. Robert Richards, a biographer and defender of Haeckel, objects to Gasman’s thesis because he (Richards) sees Haeckel as a legitimate Darwinist, and hence equates attempts to link Haeckel to Hitler as attacks on Darwin himself. His response is to defend Haeckel by asserting he was not a progenitor of National Socialism [3]. To do this, he focuses on two areas: (1) Haeckel’s lack of anti-Semitism (so he was different from Hitler), and (2) Nazi criticisms of Haeckel (so he could not have contributed to National Socialism). 

I think Richards’ defense of Haeckel is very weak. For one thing, in his debate with Gasman Richards does not (from what I have seen) deny Haeckel’s militarism, imperialism, and racism – not surprisingly, given Haeckel’s loud sermonizing on these subjects. Concerning anti-Semitism,  Gasman’s response is to me far more compelling than Richards’. Gasman presents statements in Haeckel’s own words showing him to have had in fact a negative view of Jews as a whole. Richard’s assertions that Haeckel (a) had nothing to do with traditional religious anti-Semitism and (b) had Jewish friends, are both easily answered. Modern secular racial anti-Semitism (such as that of Kant, Fichte, and many others including Haeckel) did not depend on religion. In fact, it was often involved with hostility to religion, seeing Judaism as false and Christianity as a Jewish invention. Secondly, some secular anti-Semites did believe that the Jews as a “race” had to go, but that some exceptional individuals could transcend their Jewish origins.

As to the rejection of Haeckel by some Nazis, Gasman points out that the Nazis were by no means in perfect harmony and disagreed on various aspects of their theory. Hitler himself could tolerate no contradiction and condemned those who only partly agreed with him. Gasman makes the telling observation that Stalin’s rejection of Trotsky can not be used to show that Trotsky had nothing to do with the development of Russian Communism. 

So, was Haeckel a legitimate Darwinist who had no connection to Hitler (Roberts); a pseudo-philosopher who was not a legitimate Darwinist but did have a connection to Hitler (Gasman); or someone different from Darwin to be sure, but still definitely linked to Darwin, who may not have influenced Hitler as an individual but was representative of a strong trend in German thought that facilitated the emergence of National Socialism (Weikart)? 

First of all, I don’t think Darwin should be removed from the debate as Roberts and Gasman try to do. If evolution is in fact the truth about how we got here, then isn’t it logical to base a world view and an ethic of pitiless and amoral struggle on it? Weikart amply documents that the underlying concept of Darwinism itself, apart from significant German cultural additions, contributed significantly, along with many other factors, to the establishment of a world view in which National Socialism could flourish. 

Defenders of Darwin have claimed that the idea of breeding animals to improve them was nothing new – but viewing people as animals to be improved by higher breeding was new. Can people be blamed for trying to improve the human species just as they would cows or horses, if Darwinism is true? This would require reproduction without love, on the basis of utility alone – but what does place does love have in a strictly evolutionary scenario? Can Darwin be completely exempted if people took his theory and used it in ways he did not himself intend? 

Darwin presented a new view of life in which people were essentially animals trapped in an impersonal  struggle in which the death of the weak and the unfit was essential to progress. This did encourage ideas that greatly facilitated the emergence and the acceptance of National Socialism. 

It should be stressed that certain essential ingredients of National Socialism were in circulation long before Darwin. Kant’s “philosophical” anti-Semitism that described the Jews as soulless people incapable of higher ideas; Schopenhauer’s view of people as animals struggling blindly in an impersonal universe and of the supremacy of will over intellect; Hegel’s ideas of the state, of war, and of great leaders; Fichte’s emphasis on the nation as the source of meaning in life; glorification of war; imperialism; hostility to democracy – these and other ideas were deeply embedded in German culture long before the publication of The Origin of Species. 

It would be foolish to blame Naziism on Darwinism alone – but it would be equally foolish to imagine that the concept of people as animals fighting for survival in an impersonal universe is not a dangerous and destructive one. It can easily be used, and was used in Germany, to make racism, imperialism, militarism, and authoritarianism seem not merely acceptable, but scientific and progressive as well.

[2]   Richard Weikart, From Darwin to Hitler: Evolutionary Ethics, Eugenics, and Racism in Germany (New York 2004).

[3]   Robert J.Richards, “Ernst Haeckel’s Alleged Anti-Semitism and Contributions to Nazi Biology”;  http://home.uchicago.edu/~rjr6/articles/Haeckel–antiSemitism.pdf; accessed June 2008.

The belief in the animal nature of man explains some of the more bizarre and seemingly inexplicable aspects of the Holocaust. Hundreds of thousands or even millions of cattle or poultry can be legally and ethically slaughtered to prevent the spread of cattle disease or bird flu. If people are essentially animals, who-except a born weakling, a pacifist windbag, or someone who thoughtlessly parroted Jewish nonsense-would allow poetical ethical notions to interfere with the need to eliminate harmful human beings for the good of society? By the way, I could slaughter a hundred thousand chickens to prevent the spread of bird flu and then go home and enjoy a normal life with my family-and so could someone who rid the earth of some noxious and harmful subhumans.

Also, we breed better forms of cattle or horses, and there is nothing wrong with that. Himmler was being perfectly logical and reasonable in trying to breed better and more advanced types of humans-if, that is, people are essentially no more than animals as Darwinists claim. We use the hair and skin of dead animals-why not do the same with people? To waste the skin and other useful by-products of dead people makes no sense at all-if people are the same as animals.

One of the most weird and difficult aspects of Nazi ideology and actions to comprehend is that they followed logically from certain presuppositions. The Nazis had a clear, consistent, and coherent world-view and acted accordingly. Much of their world view-thought not all of it of course-can be found in the writings of Haeckel, and of many other less prominent German social Darwinists who shared his views.

Returning to our comparison, both Haeckel and Hitler had a sense of hierarchy. Some human animals were higher than, superior to, and worth more than others. This follows logically from an evolutionary scenario-and which group of people, according to secular standards, was the most highly developed in the world? Who had the most advanced technology, and were able to dominate other groups most easily? The Europeans. And who dominated among the Europeans? The Spaniards, the Greeks, the French, the Italians had had their day. The Eastern Europeans were dismissed as backward. It was the northern Europeans, the Germanic peoples, who occupied by right the highest place on the evolutionary tree-all others were beneath them.

Haeckel and Hitler also had an authoritarian and hierarchical view of government. Haeckel never advocated National Socialism-that was (in its final form) inconceivable given the stability of the imperial government. Nevertheless, a shared philosophical hostility to democracy as unhealthy and unnatural, with a strong emphasis on the right of the stronger to dominate, is significant.

Also significant is the very similar concept of God shared by the two men. This was not the God the Judaeo-Christian tradition. It was a god that emerged out of a modern and uniquely German philosophical tradition, a god that was merely the projection of man-made ideas onto the cosmos as a whole. Hitler was not a systematic thinker outside of the limited confines of his ideology, though within those confines he was rigorously logical. Basically his concept of god was a peculiar hybrid: a combination of a Folkish spirit that advanced the human race through the instrumentality of conflict with the German people as its chosen group, and a scientific naturalist view of God as working through, and being understood by, scientific and natural law.

“God” for Haeckel and for Hitler, and for many others of that day, was thus merely an abstract and impersonal concept. It could be described with language borrowed from religion-”Almighty,” “Supreme Being,” “the Creator,” “Providence”-but it was a god invented by human reason and working within the confines of human reason. This is clearly illustrated by Martin Bormann’s concept of God.

It is worth noting how perfectly Bormann’s concepts match Haeckel’s. Some of those concepts are (quoting a Nuremberg document written by Bormann):

National Socialism and Christianity are irreconcilable . . . National Socialism is based on scientific foundations . . . National Socialism on the other hand must always, if it is to fulfill its job in the future, be organized according to the latest knowledge of scientific research . . .

. . . the concepts of Christianity, which in their essential points have been taken over from Jewry.

When we National Socialists speak of a belief in God, we do not understand by God, like naïve Christians and their spiritual opportunists, a human-type being, who sits around somewhere in space . . . The force of natural law, with which all these innumerable planets move in the universe, we call the Almighty or God.

. . . we National Socialists impose on ourselves the demand to live naturally as much as possible, i.e., biologically. The more accurately we recognize and observe the laws of nature and of life, the more we adhere to them, so much the more do we conform to the will of the Almighty.[i]

That Hitler valued science is insufficiently appreciated. Some quotes from his Table Talk could easily have been made by such apostles of the New Atheism and enemies of Christianity as Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens, or Richard Dawkins. For example, he reportedly stated that people were attracted to religion by fear of the unknown or by intellectual simplicity, but the time would come “when science can answer all the questions.”[ii]

This source has many comments to that effect. Religion would “crumble” before the “advances of science”; science cannot err too much because it is non-dogmatic and self-correcting. Hitler is quoted as saying, “science postulates the search for, and not the certain knowledge of, the truth.” Religious dogma was in conflict with research, and would collapse “under the battering-ram of science.”[iii]

In what became a minor internet controversy, the aforementioned Richard Dawkins compared one of his opponents, Shmuley Boteach (a Jewish rabbi), to Hitler. Elaborating on his comment, Dawkins was careful to explain that he did not mean Boteach thought like Hitler, or acted like Hitler, only that he sounded like Hitler, or spoke like Hitler.[iv] Not enough people have pointed out that, on the level of ideas, Dawkins can also be compared to Hitler-although Dawkins is far too humane and decent a man to really try and live by the evolutionary theory he professes to believe in. Hitler was much more consistent.

[ii] “Excerpts from Hitler’s Table Talk,” see note 7 above.

[iii] Ibid.

In his book A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People 110 B.C. to the 21st Century (London 2004), Prof. Steven Ozment uses the Table Talk to document Hitler’s belief in evolution and in the superiority of science over religion (p 282). He also states that it was the decline of traditional values and the emergence of modern ideology that opened the door to Hitler (pp. 252, 276, 286).

[iv] Richard Dawkins, “My Response to Rabbi Shmuley Boteach,” The Huffington Post; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-dawkins/my-response-to-rabbi-shmu_b_100910.html; accessed September 2008.

The present situation

Christianity is being attacked in America today as never before. On TV shows and in movies, in the news media, in academia, in best-selling books, etc., Christians are being increasingly portrayed as narrow-minded, intolerant, ignorant, hypocritical, and even evil. This goes beyond mere ridicule. The basic teachings of Christianity are being condemned to an extent previously unimagined in this country.

It is being increasingly said that Christianity has had a negative impact on America’s history and culture-not just because of abuses, but because of fundamental characteristics of the religion. It was the Christians, it is argued, who enslaved the blacks, exterminated the Indians, oppressed women, burdened people with guilt and denied them sexual freedom, and forced the gays to stay in the closet.

Christianity has even been blamed for pollution and the destruction of the environment. God’s commandment in Genesis to “subdue” the earth and “have dominion” over the creatures is said to be a license for ecological plundering and pillaging. Never mind that the destruction of the environment only emerged as a serious problem in the modern era, nearly two thousand years after Christ died and rose again. Never mind that those who make the most noise about the destruction of the environment continue to enjoy their wasteful and environmentally destructive modern lifestyles while they attack the Bible.

Part of this negative trend has been increasing attempts to link Christianity and the Bible to Adolf Hitler and the crimes of the Nazis. While it will seem incredible to some that the teachings of Christ and the Bible should be linked to Aryan supremacy, German militarism, the horrors of the death camps, and the extermination of six million Jews, such is sadly the case.

Christianity linked to Naziism

In the recent past, it was much more commonly assumed that Christianity had nothing to do with National Socialism. It was believed that Christianity was basically benevolent, while National Socialism was basically evil, that Hitler was as far removed from the Sermon on the Mount as it is humanly possible to get. The great majority of Americans would have assumed that the Jewish experience in America was the norm, the result of the Christian influence on American culture.

The cultural climate has changed in the last fifty years, however, and the growing power of secularism makes people less inclined to view Christianity so tolerantly. The well-known support of German Christians for Hitler; statements about God, Christianity, and the churches by Hitler and by leading Nazis, including strong opposition to atheism; Hitler’s Catholic upbringing and his Concordat with the Vatican; the fact that Hitler never officially withdrew from the Catholic Church; the official support for “positive Christianity” in the Nazi party platform; the supposed fact that Hitler came to power in an overwhelmingly Christian country; centuries of Christian anti-Semitism; verses in the New Testament that seem hostile to Jews; the massacres of the Canaanites in the Old Testament-all of these and even other arguments have been emphasized by those who see more and more evidence of connections between Hitler and Christianity.

Reputable scholars and historians have studied Hitler’s ideology more objectively. George Mosse’s The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich; Daniel Gasman’s The Scientific Origins of National Socialism; Peter Viereck’s Metapolitics: The Roots of the Nazi Mind; Richard Weikart’s From Darwin to Hitler: Evolutionary Ethics, Eugenics, and Racism in Germany; Michael Mack’s German Idealism and the Jew: The Inner Anti-Semitism of Philosophy and German Jewish Responses; Paul Lawrence Rose’s Revolutionary Antisemitism in Germany from Kant to Wagner-these all show from different perspectives and with different emphases how the 19th century’s secular philosophies opened the door to the emergence of horrors unprecedented in the history of the human race. John Conway’s The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933-1945 does not deal with the origins of National Socialism, but it demonstrates that Hitler viewed Christianity as a rival for the allegiance of the German people and sought to eliminate its influence as much as possible, his devious political rhetoric notwithstanding.

The work of these and other authors too numerous to name have had a significant impact, but unfortunately there remain those who seem to relish attacking Christianity. Oblivious to historical realities and misinformed or even hopelessly ignorant of biblical teachings, they continue to try to link Christianity to Hitler. They have had an impact as well, and we should not underestimate them. Too few Christians understand the extent to which what they perceive as a beneficent religion of grace, peace, and forgiveness is increasingly associated by many with the cruelties of the Third Reich.

A Holocaust video checked out from the local library asserts that centuries of Christian anti-Semitism made Jews Hitler’s natural target (completely omitting all of 19th-century secular and racial anti-Semitism). A popular biography of Hitler agrees with a Holocaust scholar that Hitler was just carrying out the policies of the Roman Catholic Church when he slaughtered the Jews. An in-depth academic analysis of the Holocaust published by a prestigious university press and acclaimed by scholars from top American universities refers to the false and “venomous” anti-Jewish teachings of the New Testament and asserts that by demonizing the Jews Christianity played a significant role in laying the foundations for the Holocaust.[i]

The debate over what Hitler believed and where he got his ideas has not merely continued over the years, it has intensified. This is true to such an extent that Richard Evans, editor of the prestigious Journal of Contemporary History has written, “The relationship of German National Socialism to religion in general, and Christianity in particular, has recently moved to the forefront of historical inquiry.”[ii] Partly this is due to a natural human desire for deeper spiritual understanding that the countless secular books about Hitler have not satisfied and will never satisfy. Partly it is due to the fact that linking Hitler to Christianity is an increasingly common tactic in the culture wars. If Naziism can be convincingly blamed on Christian influence, then obviously Christians are potentially dangerous fanatics who deserve to be marginalized or even excluded from the political process as much as possible. This reasoning explains why some believe they are protecting American liberty and democracy by working to eliminate Christian influence. There are those who sincerely believe that they are defending democracy by attacking and marginalizing Christianity.

…

As groundless as such arguments are, they are effective with people who know little about history and nothing about Christianity. In more than one internet debate, I have been referred to Walker’s website for proof that Christianity leads to hatred, cruelty, and fascism. Such accusations have gone for far too long without a direct response. As was the case in Germany, the Christians in America have been too passive and inert while the forces of darkness grow in strength and intensity. The spread of such ideas will affect us directly and has already begun to affect us. We are mistaken if we think that because God has blessed America with liberty in the past, we are therefore guaranteed of this blessing forever.

[ii] Richard Evans, “Naziism, Christianity and Political Religion: A Debate,” Journal of Contemporary History 42, no. 1 (2007), p. 5

Keysor’s book is thought-provoking in the extreme, extensively researched and referenced and written from a clearly intellectual, rather than polemical standpoint. It is a welcome addition to a wide and controversial historiography and is worthy of serious consideration. READ THE WHOLE REVIEW

From the Messianic Times:

On the face of it, the premise that Hitler was a practicing Christian seems to reside in the gutters of the same dark, dead-end road as eugenics, Holocaust denials, and The Protocols of Zion. The conclusion seems so absurd, that an entire tome dedicated to its dismantling feels like overkill. Unfortunately, a modicum of investigation shows that it is necessary to refute this notion.

In the last fifteen years or so, the idea that from birth to bunker, Hitler was a Christian, has gained enough traction as to be taken seriously in academic circles— so much so, that author Joe Keysor felt compelled to definitively counter this absurd misconception in his new book, Hitler, The Holocaust, and The Bible.  [Full review available only to subscribers.]

From Don Hank writing at the John Birch Society:

Keysor notes something that no other historians seem to have noticed despite the fastidious research into the Third Reich, namely, the salient effect of secular influences on Hitler and the major secularizing influence of modernist theology on biblical Christianity in Germany long before Hitler emerged. Keysor points out that the secular philosophers who influenced Hitler most were Kant, Fichte and Hegel, as well as certain others. But the Folkish tradition, “with its uniquely German interpretations of Darwinism, added immensely to the respectability of the movement” as “…articulated in the writings of the eminent German Darwinist Ernst Haeckel.”

Keysor writes that, while historians constantly point to supposed religious fanaticism (Crusades, Inquisition) as a dangerous ingredient in politics, no one points out that “the atrocities of Lenin, Stalin, Mao, Castro and Pol Pot, are much more relevant to our own times and even some centuries ago, and much greater in terms of the numbers slain…” and yet they “are not held up as examples of the dangers inherent in trying to organize society by reason alone.”

From Sntjohnny.com:

Extensively researched with an immense bibliography to boast, Mr. Keysor’s book exhaustively mines the writings that Hitler himself cited as influential (if anyone care’s about Hitler as an authoritative source on the matter, of course) and writings that perhaps were not expressly cited but clearly reflected in Hitler’s ideology.

Mr. Keysor astutely observes, “Odd, that for so many people the 16th century and the 1st century had so much to do with the Holocaust, and the 19th century had nothing to do with it.” (pg 70)

This completely jibes with my assessment of the situation, too.

From Atheism is Dead (an exhaustive review!)

Overall, Joe Keysor’s “Hitler, the Holocaust, and the Bible” is a great read which combines the excitement of a thriller, the intellectual satisfaction of carefully considered historical information and logic, the dichotomous nature of polemics, along with an emotional roller coaster.

This is a very serious book on one of world history’s most serious subjects and yet, I have never laughed so often whilst reading such seriousness as Joe Keysor’s commonsensical approach exposed the sheer nakedness of the pseudo-skeptic propagandists time and time, and time and time again with a touch of gentle “irreverent” whit with an occasional touch of sarcasm.

Surely, it is an important contribution to the historical study of Adolf Hitler and Nazism, the discernment of polemics and propaganda, the sensitive nature of multi-cultural relationships, and the essential importance of treating the Bible and Christianity in a fair and hermeneutically appropriate manner.

From James Hannam at Quodilbeta:

I’m no specialist on the Nazis but luckily I know a man who is. My friend Edward Bartlett-Jones, while certainly no Nazi himself, does appear to know far more about them than might be considered healthy. Some say he has the score of Wagner’s Die Walküre embroidered into his bathrobe, others claim that he leaves copies of Nietzsche’s Also sprach Zarathustra in dentists’ waiting rooms. Needless to say, he lives in Berlin. He is also an agnostic and so I thought I should send him Keysor’s Hitler, the Holocaust and the Bible for an expert opinion. He replied,

Overall I think it’s a good book but it has a strong Christian bias. The research is commendably thorough and without going back through the original sources, I didn’t see anything that struck me as being taken out of context. There is a good summary of Hitler’s philosophy (p48-49) and anyone who still thinks Hitler was a Catholic should be persuaded otherwise by page 87. There is also a good explanation of what Hitler meant by “God” on pages 93 to 94.

From Chris writing at AtheismisDead:

In Joe Keysor’s well-timed book, “Hitler, the Holocaust, and the Bible,” the reader is taken into the intriguing but sobering worldview that drove the machinations of Hitler’s regime. The timing is right, because Joe Keysor recognizes that when Reductio ad Hitlerum arguments against Christianity are packaged in philosophical sophistry and served up by the disarming bespectacled professor, that it is time to call the bluff.

9

95 Theses, Martin Luther, 67, 84

A

abortion, 41, 138, 176, 203, 379, 391, 392, 394, 449, 450

another holocaust, 451

Adams, John, 239, 240

Adolf Hitler:  The Making of a Fuhrer (Who was Responsible?), Walter S. Frank, 235, 324

Age of Reason, The, Thomas Paine, 431

Ahasuerus, 319

Al Qaeda, 442

American Eugenics Society

Case for Sterilization, 379

American Friends Service Committee, 221

Anthropologie, H. S. Chamberlain, 336

Antichrist:  Curse on Christianity, The, Friedrich Nietzsche, 399, 400, 403–4

anti-Semitism. See also Christian:anti-Semitism

Christian, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 209–13, 239

modern racial, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15, 88, 94, 97–100, 117, 152, See also German anti-Semitism

beginnings, 239, 250

not a biblical concept, 195, See also biblical teaching and the Jews

Archbishop of Canterbury, 183

Archbishop of Cologne, 62

Archbishop of Mainz, 62

Arndt, Ernst Moritz, 276

Aryan Christianity, 183, 289, 315, See also Germanic Christianity, See also Folkish Ideology

Aryan supremacy, 2, 10, 43, 94, 98, 117, 129, 138, 177, 187, 193, 214, 311, 321, 334, 357, 389, 438

Augustine, 56, 57, 359

Auschwitz, 20, 28, 42, 56, 262, 285, 384, 435

Austrian churches

Nazi policies towards, 121–22

Avrich, Paul, 232, 233

Russian Rebels:  1600-1800, 232

B

Barmen Declaration, 193–95

Bauer, F.C., 198

Bayreuth circle, 286, 321, 335, See also Wagner circle

dedicated to popularizing Wagner’s ideas, 321

Beer Hall Putsch, 75, 168

Behrens, Pastor Johann Gerhard, 175

Benedict XII, 62

Berlin Embassy, William Russell, 220

Bernhardi, General Friedrich von

war a biological necessity, 277

Bertram, Cardinal Adolf, 140, 150, 175, 189, 202, 208

Beyond Good and Evil, Friedrich Nietzsche, 410, 413, 416, 421

biblical concept of death, 373

biblical concept of evil

Holocaust not new in the context of, 231

Satan, 16–17

two pronged, 16

biblical concept of freedom, 275

biblical concept of government, 215–20, 266, 423, 436–38, See government:biblical concept of

biblical concept of man, 274

original sin, 19–22

biblical teaching and the Jews

Apostles, 64–65

Paul, 6, 14, 22, 23–26, 27, 29, 30–32, 32–33, 39, 40, 52, 54, 57, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72, 76, 82, 85, 86, 136, 141, 143, 155, 156, 177, 184, 197, 207, 209, 213, 216, 217, 286, 289, 290, 295, 348, 354, 360, 412, 413, 414–15, 417, 419, 424, 437

all humanity equally unable to earn God’s favor, 30–31

future redemption of the Jews, 62

guilty of the blood of the Lord by communing unworthily, 64

on being a Christian, 23–26

righteousness of God obtained through faith in Christ applies to all humanity, 31

servants of the Lord must be meek and gentle towards those who oppose, 66

shared Christ with those who attacked him, 64

though enemies of the gospel Jews are beloved, 32

went to synagogue after synagogue teaching of Christ and forgiveness of sins, 64

wicked people claiming to be Christian to be put out of the church, 27

New Testament, 32–33, 39, 41, 42

the crucifixion, 34, 35, 38, 39

Gentile culpability, 35, 38

Old Testament massacres, 45–47

Bishop Jean of Speyer, 62

Bishop of Bavaria, 208

Bishop of Trier, 62

Bismarck, Otto von, 104, 141, 144, 171, 292, 377, 412

Blavatski, Madame, 293

Blood Purge, 102, 105, 190, 198, 322

Bolotnikov, Ivan, 232, 233

Bolshevism, 89, 121, 141, 151, 182, 188, 196, 418, 436

Bondage of the Will, Martin Luther, 67

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 212, 213, 226

Boris III, King of Bulgaria, 221

Bormann, Martin, 22, 100, 105, 110, 123, 136, 141, 142, 175, 180, 181, 182, 184, 212, 386, 402, 425

Braune, Pastor, 176

Brownshirts. See SA (Sturmabteilung, storm troopers, Brownshirts)

Buch, Walter, 22, 118

Buechner, Ludwig, 273

Bulavin, Kondrati, 232

Bultmann, Rudolf, 199, 200, 355

Bungardt, K.M., 271

Bunyan, John

Pilgrim’s Progress, 266

C

Calvin, John, 437

Case for Sterilization, American Eugenics Society, 379

Catholic Centre Party, 113, 139, 169, 177

Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 10, 81, 88, 101, 102, 150, 198, 248, 250, 258, 287, 289, 311, 319, 321, 334–60, 366, 368, 380, 390, 410, 411, 414, 422, 423, 430, 441

advocated purging Jewish influence from Christianity, 410

Anthropologie, 336

early member of Nazi party, 335

hailed as a prophet and founder of National Socialism, 335

Jewish historical understanding identical to Nietzsche, 410

obsessed with racial purity, 366

on Christ and the Bible, 350–60

on the Jews, 335–50

Race and Nation, 335

The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, 334, 335, See also Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, The,  Houston Stewart Chamberlain

Christian

anti-Semitism, 5, 17

medieval, 55, 56

concepts of the government, 58, 59

concepts of the Jews, 56–57

Augustine, 56–57

Bernard of Clairvaux, 56

Crusades. See Crusades

Gregory of Nyssa, 63

Hippolytus, 63

John Chrysostom, 63, 65, 66

Martin Luther, 66, 67, 144, See also Luther, Martin

moral doctrines, 59, 60

restraints against, 54, 56–61

Count Otto of Burgundy, 60

Emperor Frederic I, 61

Emperor Henry IV, 60

Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, 60

King Stephen of England, 60

Louis IX of France, 61

Louis VII of France, 61

Richard I of England, 61

William de Longchamp, 61

opposition to Hitler’s policies, 172–76

Bishop Dibelius, 184, 185

Cardinal Pacelli, 104

churches were only organizations to give sustained opposition, 195

Confessing Church. See Confessing Church

euthanasia

Bishop Galen, 175, See under Galen, Bishop

Bishop Preysing, 176

Bishop Theophil Wurm, 175

Cardinal Adolf Bertram, 175

Ernst Wilm, 176

Pastor Braune, 176, See under Braune, Pastor

German vs. non-German Christians, 221–22

lack of, 170, 178, 179, 190

Martin Niemoller, 144. See under Niemoller, Martin

Pastor Johann Gerhard Behrens, 175

Pastor Karl Friedrich Stellbrink, 175

Pastor Schneider, 185, 189, 224

Pastor von Jan of Oberlenningen, 173, 174

support of Hitler’s policies

coerced, 122

conventional secular explanations for, 20

Germanic Christianity, 198, See Germanic Christianity

what is a false?, 26–28

what is a?, 23–26, 155–57

the Church, 39

Christian German Movement, 196

Chronicle of Solomon bar Simson

insults Christianity, 71

Chrysostom, John, 7, 12, 53, 54, 56, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67

Church Ministry, 175, 206, 207

Church of Rome, 61, 63, 202–3

Archbishop of cologne, 62

Archbishop of Mainz, 62

Benedict XII, 62

Bernard of Clairvaux, 62

Bishop Jean of Seyer, 62

Bishop of Trier, 62

Henry VI, 60

Innocent III, 62

Innocent IV, 62

Joshua Trachtenberg, 62

opposition to Hitler’s policies

Bishop of Mainz, 202

Cardinal Pacelli, 104

Mit Brennender Sorge, 103

protests, 104, 124, 140

papal bulls, 62, 140

support of Hitler

Concordat, 103, See also under Concordat with the Vatican

Clairvaux, Bernard of, 56, 62

Class, Heinrich, 295

Cohen, Nick, 429, 442

What’s Left?, 442

Communism, 97, 110, 130, 197, 300, 308, 350, 425, 426, 427, 429, 443, 445

parallels with National Socialism, 427–29

Communist Party, 138, 164, 170, 204

concentration camps, 118, 122, 124, 125, 138, 144, 171, 172, 173, 188, 189, 195, 196, 427

Auschwitz. See under Auschwitz

Buchenwald, 125, 185, 189, 224

Sachsenhausen, 124, 144, 169, 185, 196

Concordat with the Vatican, 2, 8, 83, 103, 104, 121, 123, 139, 140, 141, 147, 184, 202, 203–4, 241

promised rights and security, 103

violated, 103–5, 140

Confessing Church. See also Prussian Union of the Confessing Church

Conway, Professor John, 2, 9, 12, 103, 104, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 133, 135, 140, 143, 146, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 188, 195, 196, 202, 211

The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933-1945, 2, 9, 103

Count Otto of Burgundy, 60

Crisis of German Ideology, The, Prof. Mosse, 2, 80, 230, 250, 288, 308, 362

Crusades, 7, 11, 18, 30, 43, 50, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62

Jewish death toll, 55

Crystal Night. See under Kristallnacht (Crystal Night)

D

d’Holbach, Baron, 239

Dachau, 124, 125, 144, 176, 205

Darwin, Charles, 2, 49, 98, 128, 138, 155, 201, 229, 252, 258, 282, 288, 362–80, 383, 390, 392, 393, 394, 421, 436

basic rule of life, 366

saw extermination of lesser developed races as natural, 364

The Descent of Man, 394

The Origin of Species, 364, 365

white race superior, 364

Darwinism, 10, 33, 49, 94, 95, 97, 110, 130, 139, 163, 164, 165, 206, 221, 270, 287, 350, 362–70, 370, 371, 373, 375, 376, 378, 379, 383, 384, 390, 391, 392, 394, 400, 420, 421, 427, 430, 431, 438, 442, 443, 445, 452

arguments against connections to Hitler and National Socialism, 362, 365, 369, 370

basic rule of life, 366

connections to National Socialism and Hitler, 362–69

consistency with Haeckel’s ideas, 390–94

devoid of moral imperatives to protect the Jews, 451–52

same spirit of the insignificance of individual humans persists today, 374, 379

understanding humans through study of insects, 375

Dawkins, Richard, 385, 387, 438

Der Schwarze Corps, 104

Descartes, 237, 238

divine revelation unnecessary, 237

first modern philosopher, 237

wisdom within the self, 237

Descent of Man, The, Charles Darwin, 364, 394

Dictionnaire philosophique, Voltaire, 239

Diderot, 239

Diederichs, Eugen, 295, 296

Dietrich, Dr., 198

Dinter, Artur, 335

E

Ecce Homo, Friedrich Nietzsche, 400

Eckart, Dietrich, 126, 247, 335

Eichmann, Adolf, 25, 181, 252, 280

Eight Orations Against the Jews, 63

Emperor Frederic I, 61

Emperor Henry IV, 60

Enabling Bill of 1933, 169

End of Faith, The, Sam Harris, 446, 447

Engelmann, Bernt, 104, 171, 173

Enlightenment, 10, 80, 99, 108, 111, 139, 164, 234, 237–43, 245, 265, 276, 282, 284, 305, 306, 316, 340, 347, 370, 429, 434, 440, 442, 445, See also Kant, Immanuel

appealed to the modern, liberal, and secular sectors of society, 14

Descartes, 237

elevated reason and rejected revelation, 198

gave birth to destructive false philosophies, 18

Holocaust consistent with Enlightenment thought, 251

Kant, 245

led to churches abandoning basic doctrines, 80, 198

nation began to assume quasi-religious importance, 81

turning away from traditional religion was one of the most essential characteristics of, 98

Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853-55), Arthur de Gobineau, 284

Eternity, Ernst Haeckel, 375, 376, 381

eugenics, 100, 369, 379, 383, 388

euthanasia, 9, 175–76, 204, 209, 246, 378, 379, 438

Evans, Richard, 3, 13, 77, 107, 159, 162, 164, 222, 253, 333, 378, 395

Explaining Hitler, Ron Rosenbaum, 227

F

Faith Movement of German Christians, 196

19th century science superior to biblical revelation, 201

considered original sin an insult to the Aryan, 197

cross redefined as sacrifice for National Socialism, 197

National Socialism a continuation of Protestant Reformation, 198

saw Jesus as Aryan, 197

saw main task as being Germans, 197

totally abandoned scripture, 197

Faulhaber, Cardinal, 153, 202

Federation for a German Church, 196

Feuerbach, 131, 309, 316

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 10, 76, 88, 117, 155, 157, 201, 229, 239, 243, 244, 253–55, 255, 258–67, 268, 270, 271, 272, 276, 279, 284, 288, 289, 291, 293, 304, 307, 323, 334, 347, 390, 440

advocated German racial purity, 263

Eighth Address, 263

eternal life exists for fatherland, not individuals, 260

freedom exists in being German, 261

German supremacy, 260

Jews an alien and contaminating body, 264

thought only solution was to return Jews to their promised land, 264

love for the fatherland to be above all, 263

Thirteenth Address, 264

Twelfth Address, 263

Final Solution, 113, 181, 210, 222

Fischer, Eugen, 287

Folkish Ideology, 10, 80, 98–100, 136, 164, 229, 239, 243, 272, 280, 287–96, 304, 309, 317, 334, 336, 339, 341, 350, 362, 369, 370, 375, 383, 384, 386, 389, 422, 440, 441, See also Wagner, Richard

and German romanticism, 292

core emphasis, 287

led to emphasis on purifying and unifying the Folk, 306

foundational to Naziism, 288

founders

Julius Langbehn, 288

Paul de Lagarde, 288

opposed to traditional (biblical) Christianity, 295, 296

Pan-German Association, 294

penetrated the highest levels of German culture, 321

predecessor to National Socialism, 243, 288

strengthening of, 292–93

supremacy of blond Aryans a common theme, 422

Folkish Ideology and National Socialism

a result of elevating human reason, 438, 439

summary of major philosophic themes leading to, 440–42

Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, The,  Houston Stewart Chamberlain, 334, 335

brief summary of, 334

popular reading material, 335

praised as Nazi gospel, 335

Frank, Hans, 278

Frank, Walter S., 135, 235, 256, 323, 324

Adolf Hitler:  The Making of a Fuhrer (Who was Responsible?), 235, 324

Freedom in Science and Teaching, Ernst Haeckel, 372

French Huguenots, 221

French rationalism, 306, 317

French Revolution, 238, 240, 452

Friedländer, Saul, 172, 221, 425

The Years of Extermination:  Nazi Germany and the Jews, 207, 425

Fries, Jakob, 276

Fritsch, Theodor, 421, 434

From Darwin to Hitler:  Evolutionary Ethics, Eugenics, and Racism in Germany, Richard Weikart, 2, 49, 373, 421

Fuhrer concept, 58, 118, 136, 143, 147, 148, 187, 188, 199, 269, 295, 308, 324, 390

opposed to scripture, 7

G

Galen, Bishop, 175, 182, 186, 188

Gasman, Daniel, 2, 12, 110, 293, 369, 370, 371, 373, 374, 376, 383, 384, 388, 389

Gasperi, Alcide de, 59, 275

German anti-Semitism, 54, 76, 82, 243, 270

included hostility for having introduced Christianity, 380

prior to Darwin was not biologically based, 364

German Catholic Bishops, 182

German Christians, 2, 8, 9, 44, 80, 113, 130, 135, 138, 151, 158, 162, 171, 172, 190, 196, 197, 201, 208, 215, 216, 451, See also Prussian Union of the Confessing Church

Bible contains poetical and moral truth, 201

Faith Movement of German Christians, 196–99, See also Germanic Christianity

persecution of, 135

politicization of the German church, 77

reasons for lack of opposition to Hitler and Naziism, 214

German Communist Party, 164, 166, 167, 170

repeatedly attempted to seize power, 167

German Diet, 268

German Essays, Paul de Lagarde, 290

German Evangelical Churches, 182

German Faith Movement, 193

German Idealism and the Jew:  The Inner Anti-Semitism of Philosophy and German Jewish Responses, Professor Michael Mack, 2, 245

German romanticism, 49, 291–92, 306

German support for Hitler See also Hitler and politics

enthusiasm for future defeat by Allied invaders, 167

in 1932 Germans became powerless to oppose, 166

lack of enthusiasm for war, 167

mass demonstration against Hitler by labor, 166

nearly two-thirds voted against, 165

never received a majority in a free election, 165

opposition from German communists, 166

German Volkdom, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, 269

Germanic Christianity, 22, 116, 148, 151, 162, 179, 183, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196–202, 209, 311, 334, 335, 350, See also Positive Christianity

advocated purging all teachings of the Apostle Paul, 22

defined, 147

origin in Folkish Ideology, 289

Germany

not a Christian nation, 163–65

Gestapo, 122, 124, 143, 172, 173, 175, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 189, 194, 195, 200, 211

Gilbert, Martin, 83, 133, 204, 205, 439

The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War, 83, 133, 206

Gobineau Society, 286, 295

Gobineau, Arthur de, 10, 81, 88, 97, 99, 258, 284–87, 306, 307, 313, 336, 339, 340, 374, 390, 422

Aryans are aristocracy, 285

Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853-55), 284

racial purity, 284

white supremacy, 285

God

Hitler’s concept of, 111

Goebbels, Joseph, 118, 119, 143, 145, 175, 182, 186, 206, 212, 220, 323, 335, 422, 425

Goering, Hermann Wilhelm, 105, 119, 128, 143, 145, 146, 149, 180, 186, 212

Goethe, 163, 259, 336, 345, 347, 358, 359, 373, 374

Goldberg, Jonah, 379, 446

Liberal Fascism:  The Secret History of the American Left from Mussolini to the Politics of Meaning, 379

Goldhagen, Daniel, 20

Hitler’s Willing Executioners:  Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, 20

Grant, Madison, 379

The Passing of the Great Race, 379

Gregory of Nyssa, 63

Greiser, Arthur, 123

Grueber, Pastor, 205

Guevara, Che, 446

Gurlitt, Ludwig, 296

H

Haeckel, Ernst, 10, 12, 49, 110, 111, 127, 139, 149, 155, 163, 252, 258, 287, 288, 292, 318, 362–95, 402, 420, 421, 422, 429

advocated euthanasia, 378–80

earliest significant German advocate, 378

anti-Semitism, 380–81

Jewish evolution very advanced, 381

Jews to be blamed for Christian influence on society, 380

nationally and racially motivated, 380

recommended assimilation, 380

believed in spontaneous generation as a common occurrence, 382

Catholicism bankrupt, 371

committed to Darwinism, 371

authoritarianism, 375–77

became known as Germany’s leading apologist for Darwinism, 370

death normal, 373

extermination of primitive races merely evolution, 372

primitive races more like dogs than people, 373

racism, 373–75

some animals higher than some people in development, 374

extermination of the useless, 373

human life no special value, 372

ideas coincide with Schopenhauer, 372

infanticide natural, 373

Jews very highly developed, therefore especially dangerous, 381

man merely animal, 372

no higher law than evolution, 371

no moral laws, 372, 374

placed the concept of survival-of-the-fittest at national and racial levels, 372

sought to deduce implications for human life, 371

struggle for existence basic law of life, 372

committed to the sovereignty of human reason, 370

concept of God, 381

condemned by some contemporaries for his views, 382

cosmos was an organism united by, 382

denied free-will, 372

doctrine of eternal recurrence, 382

elevated racism from mere Folkish philosophy to scientific fact, 375

Eternity, 375, 376, 381

ethics, 377–78

Freedom in Science and Teaching, 372

Golden Rule

applied to those united in and useful to the Darwinistic struggle, 377

preceded Christiantiy, 377

hope for future lay in scientific knowledge, 371

ideas consistent with Darwinism, 390–94

immortal soul a superstition, 372

modern Western society sick and unhealthy, 422

Monism as Connecting Religion and Science:  The Confession of Faith of a Man of Science, 381

not expelled from Free Evangelical Church despite repudiation of Christianity, 371

on Christ, 370–71

on the Bible

Gospels forged manuscripts, 370

Protestantism a lie, 371

racial purity, 374

similarity to Hitler, 383–89

some of his books best-sellers, 371

The History of Creation, 370, 374

The Riddle of the Universe, 370, 377, 380, 382

Wonders of Life, 373, 374

Hallie, Philip, 221

Handbuch des Judentums, Heinrich von Treitschke, 252

Harnack, Adolf von, 198, 359

Harris, Sam, 387, 438, 446, 447, 448, 449

The End of Faith, 446, 447

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 10, 58, 77, 99, 109, 110, 127, 155, 163, 201, 229, 243, 244, 252, 254, 258, 265, 270, 279, 280, 282, 284, 287, 288, 289, 291, 293, 304, 307, 347, 355, 366, 368, 390, 411, 436, 440, 441

a Christian?, 276, See also Christian, what is a?

concepts of government, 58, 59

advocated worship of the state, 275

German supremacy, 276

Germans new chosen people, 272

god as World Spirit directing human progression, 272, 273

individual suffering meaningless, 273

Jews obselete, 278

war good and necessary, 271, 277

worth of man comes through the state, 274

Heine, Heinrich, 267, 268, 267–68, 268, 412

On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany, 267

Henry VIII, 77

Henry, Matthew, 7, 36–38, 54, 85, 88

Hep riots, 14, 58

causes, 14

governmental opposition to, 14

supporters of, 14

Herder, Johann von, 260, 263, 336, 339, 347

Hess, Rudolf, 120, 121, 179, 180, 181, 192, 203

Heydrich, Reinhard, 171, 180

Himmler:  Reichsfuhrer-SS, Peter Padfield, 407

Himmler, Heinrich, 105, 123, 125, 145, 148, 176, 180, 181, 184, 186, 212, 242, 253, 282, 320, 335, 357, 385, 407, 413, 419, 425, 430

attracted to Hinduism and the caste system, 407

Hindenburg, President, 102, 113, 165, 166, 177, 192

Hippolytus, 63

History of Biology, Erik Nordenskiold, 382

History of Creation, The, Ernst Haeckel, 370, 374

Hitler

an internationalist, 403

as a Christian, 8, 112, 152–58

Catholicism, 102–5

Christian artwork, 134

hostile to missions, 100, 140

intolerance of Christianity, 101

lack of Christian doctrines, 93–94

preferred Islam over Christianity for warlike principles, 422

professions of Christianity, 102, 105, 106, 107

references to God, 109–12

references to the Bible, 106, 112

rejection of biblical governing, 98

rejection of creation, 99

rejection of the Old Testament, 96–97

statements of support for the church, 112–14, See also Concordat with the Vatican

unbiblical principals, 94–100

view of Christianity’s greatness, 100

Communism linked to Christianity, 425–27

Darwin

arguments against connections to Darwinism, 362, 365

deeply hostile to capitalism, 326

defined idealism as subordination of the self to the group, 249

development

anti-Semitism, 328–30

elimination of Jews a stated goal by 1919, 328

as a youth, 234–37, 247, 266–67

Rienzi, 323–25

avid reader, 253–58

selective reading habits, 254

believed himself to be the agent of a higher power, 265–66

Chamberlain, 334–35, See also Chamberlain, Houston Stewart

concept of socialism and ideal state, 326–28

Darwin, 366–69, See also Darwin, Charles, See also Darwinism

Fichte, 253–55, 258–67, See also Fichte, Johann Gottlieb

Folkish Ideology, 287–96

Gobineau, 284–87, See also Gobineau, Arthur de

Haeckel, 383–89, See also Haeckel, Ersnt

Hegel. See also Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich

ideology, National Socialism

meaning of life and immortality exist in the nation, 261

Jahn, 268–71, See also Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig

Kant, 244–53, See also Kant, Immanuel

Lagarde. See also Lagarde, Paul de

Langbehn, 293–94, See also Langbehn, Julius

Nietzsche, 422–27, See also Nietzsche, Friedrich

Schopenhauer. See also Schopenhauer, Arthur

Wagner. See also Wagner, Richard

Wagner circle, 321–22

distortions of Christianity, 105–6

Hitler’s Table Talk. See Hitler’s Table Talk

ideological origins, 5, 429–31, See also Hitler:development

had a developed worldview as the basis of his actions, 235

instrument of Satan, 16–18

Jewish selfishness destroys civilization, 248

last will and testament, 109

main goals, 102

Mein Kampf. See Mein Kampf

methodical liar, 102, 112–14, 114, 167–70

principles of our existence, 94–96

racial purity, 81, 97, 99, 100

study notes on the Bible, 48–49

Hitler and politics, 165–69

1922 minor figure embracing Christian rhetoric, 106, 107, 108

1930 Nazi party victory, 165

1932 election loss, 165

1933 Nazi party loss, 165, 166

Beer Hall Putsch, 75, 168, 335

hailed by Chamberlain as chosen by God to save Germany, 335

moderated image after, 168

campaigning as a supporter of the church, 112, 113

Chancellor by appointment, 165

limitations of power, 166

opposition to, 166

condemned Marxist atheism, 402

from limited Chancellor to unlimited dictator, 166, 169

misleading rhetoric, 179

influence of the churches, 170, See also Hitler and the churches

never received majority vote, 165

religious right?, 428–29

repeatedly promised in the 1930′s not to harm the Jews, 169

use of force to prevent opposition, 170–72

Hitler and the churches, 125, 170–215, 215–22

disagreement amongst leadership, 179–82

main avenues of attack, 179

administrative control, 27, 182–86

ideological challenge, 186–88

persecution, 188–90, See also persecution of the church

policy changes over time, 176, 178, 179

positive statements towards, 112, 113, 114

reluctance towards wholesale persecution, 182, 208

Hitler and the Holocaust:  How and Why the Holocaust Happened, Robert Wistrich, 425

Hitler Speaks, Hermann Rauschning, 323

Hitler Youth, 146, 187, 192

“Hitler’s Christianity,” Jim Walker, 3, 8, 47, 125-155, 402

main assertions, 126

bias, 130-132

ignorance of historical information, 132-135

distorted logic, 135-138

misstatements of fact, 138-141

Nazi photos used to prove connections to Christianity, 147-151

Nazi religious art, 151-152

ignorance of biblical Christianity, 152-157

Hitler’s Ethic: The Nazi Pursuit of Evolutionary Progress, Richard Weikart, 363

Hitler’s library, 253, 255, 290

Hitler’s Table Talk, 81, 141, 142, 143, 144, 141–46, 186, 249, 252, 279, 335, 368, 369, 387, 388, 422, 424, 425

and Darwinism, 368–69

Hitler’s Willing Executioners:  Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, Daniel Goldhagen, 20

Hoess, Rudolf, 146, 147, 227, 285, 384

Hoffmann, Heinrich, The Hitler No One Knows:  100 Pictures of the Life of the Fuhrer, 127, 149

Hollingdale, R.J., 404

Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War, The, Martin Gilbert, 83

Holocaust in Historical Context, The, Steven Katz, 28–43, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 69, 71, 89

main points, 29–30

refutation, 30–43

Holy Reich, The, Richard Steigmann-Gall, 3, 4, 22, 23, 27, 28, 79, 80, 107, 116, 117, 118, 145, 186, 192, 258, 272, 291, 311, 314, 315, 335, 340

oblivious to German secular anti-semitism, 117

Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, 60

I

Ibrahim, Raymond, 442

Innitzer, Cardinal, 121, 122

Innocent III, 62

Innocent IV, 62

Inquisition, 7, 11, 18, 34, 42, 43, 50, 55, 60, 146, 285

Islamic extremism and National Socialism, 442–43

J

Jaeger, August, 183

Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig, 10, 76, 268–71, 288, 307

advocated the use of popular education to instill German values into youths, 270

anti-Semitism, 271

not racial, 270

book burning, 268

called for all Germanic people to be united in one nation disregarding traditional borders, 269

credited with inventing the term, 271

eternity of the folk (German people), 269

German Volkdom, 269

racial purity, 269

the Germanic peoples should be led by a Fuhrer, 269

Jan, Pastor Julius von, 133, 143, 173–75, 205, 296

Jefferson, Thomas, 132, 144, 238, 239, 245, 355

abhorred religious intolerance, 239

called self Christian, 239

found Jews repulsive because he found the Old Testament repulsive, 238

Jesus only a moralist, 238

Jehovah’s Witnesses

consistently opposed Hitler, 190

Jesus

Hitler’s distortions of, 105–6, 108–9, 118, 120

Jewish boycott of 1933, 206

Jewish response to Nazi Germany

American, 172

French, 172

German, 172

Jews

a secular history, 341–44

Johnson, Paul, 144, 163, 239, 287

Judaistic Utilism, 316

Juden Ordnung, 295

Just, Dieter, 243, 288

K

Kaiser Wilhelm Society, 162

Kant, Immanuel, 2, 10, 81, 88, 117, 199, 201, 229, 237, 244–53, 254, 258, 263, 272, 279, 284, 288, 290, 291, 316, 334, 336, 345, 347, 348, 355, 359, 373, 390, 411, 418, 425, 440, 441

anti-Semitism

foundational to modern secular anti-Semitism, 245

called greatest philosopher of the Enlightenment, 245

concept of “race” did not include pseudobiological ideas, 250

elevation of human reason, 246

Enlightenment philosopher, 108

Judaism an obstacle to progress, 246

Judaism would die by virtue of human reason, 246

nature is concerned with the human species, not individuals, 274

Physical Geography, 250

rejected the Old Testament, 246

Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone, 246

saw Judaism as materialistic, 247

white supremacist, 250

Katz, Steven, 28, 29, 30, 32, 38, 39, 40, 41

New Testament inaccurate, 29

Paul invented message, 29

teaching that to be a Jew spiritually one must have Christ a result of hostility, not revelation, 29

The Holocaust in Historical Context. See under Holocaust in Historical Context, The, Steven Katz

Kerrl, Hans, 25, 184, 185, 186, 220

Kersten, Felix, 148

King Frederick William III

politicization of the German church, 77

King Stephen of England, 60

Klausener, Erich, 105

Klemperer, Victor, 20, 206

Kloetzel, Pastor, 173

Koch, Erich, 27, 28

Kostomarov, Nikolai, 232

Kristallnacht (Crystal Night), 133, 173, 200, 205, 296

Kubizek, August, 235, 236, 257, 323, 324

The Young Hitler I Knew, 235

Kulisz, Karol, 125

L

Labor Corps, 192

Lagarde, Paul de, 10, 88, 198, 260, 288–90, 293, 294, 320, 323, 334, 335, 339, 347, 354, 422

anti-Semitism, 289

advocated extermination, 290

Jews a danger, 290

founder of Folkish Ideology, 288

German Essays, 290

German purity to be preserved, 289

origin of Germanic Christianity, 289

self-fulfillment to be found in the Folk, 289

vital cosmic force manifested in German nation, 289

Lammers, Hans, State Secretary, 206, 207

Langbehn, Julius, 10, 88, 260, 288, 293–94, 294, 320, 334, 339, 347

Folk needs to be purified of alien elements, 294

Folk take the place of Christ, 293

founder of Folkish Ideology, 293

fulfillment to be found in the Folk, 293

Jews ultimate focus of evil, 293

life spirit of cosmos operates through the Folk, 293

Rembrandt as Educator, 293

Le Chambon, 221

Leibniz, 258

Lenin, 11, 46, 76, 77, 117, 167, 178, 287, 357, 365, 402, 423, 427, 428, 429, 436, 437, 446, 447, 448

lessons to be learned

a need for higher meaning, 439–40

clarity of vision and the will to carry it out, 435–36

the frailty of human reason, 438

the importance of philosophy, 440–42

the limits of Darwinian morality, 451–52

the reality of evil, 439

utopias, 436–38

Lest Innocent Blood Be Shed: The Story of the Village of Le Chambon and How Goodness Happened There, Philip Hallie, 221

Levi, Primo, 435, 438

Ley, Robert, 114, 425

Liberal Fascism: The Secret History of the American Left from Mussolini to the Politics of Meaning, Jonah Goldberg, 446

Liberal secularism and National Socialism, 443–49

Library of Congress, 253

Lichtenberg, Provost, 205

Liebenfels, Lanz von, 434

Lietz, Hermann, 296

List, Guido von, 434

Longchamp, William de, 61

Louis IX of France, 61

Louis VII of France, 61

Ludendorff, General, 107, 113

anti-Christian rhetoric disastrous for his political career, 107

Lueger, Karl, 120, 139, 140

Luther, Martin, 1, 7, 11, 14, 53, 54, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 66–84, 84, 87, 88, 90, 91, 98, 129, 144, 163, 167, 193, 194, 197, 198, 204, 205, 209, 239, 241, 247, 251, 276, 288, 296, 299, 300, 311, 319, 336, 339, 359, 424, 441, 457

See 95 Theses, Martin Luther

advocated expulsion of the Jews, 68

angry at the Jewish response to Christianity, 71–72

Bondage of the Will. See Bondage of the Will, Martin Luther

charges against

coarse, brutal, and vulgar, 75, 76

hater of the Jews, 74

source of German submission to Hitler, 76

deepest desire for the Jews was conversion, 69

founder of Protestantism, 67

goals, 84–85

Henry VIII

rejected Luther and set up his own state church, 77

main emphases, 67

On the Jews and Their Lies, 68, 69, 70, 78, 319, 359

Luther’s Biblical concept of self, 81

on the role of government, 76–78, 76–78

derived from Romans, 77

only major Protestant to write hostile comments about the Jews, 239

showed compassion for old and sick Jews, 69

statements about Jews came towards the end of his life, 67

wrote that Christians are at fault for not slaying the Jews, 70

never acted on this, 70

M

Mack, Professor Michael, 2, 245, 247, 250

German Idealism and the Jew:  The Inner Anti-Semitism of Philosophy and German Jewish Responses. 2, 245

Kant, 245

Maglione, Cardinal (Papal Secretary of State ), 124

Man of Destiny, 273, 322, 324, 390

Manheim, Ralph, 13, 304

Mann, Thomas, 163, 314

Mao, 11, 46, 77, 110, 133, 134, 144, 147, 167, 178, 190, 205, 326, 357, 388, 402, 423, 427, 436, 446, 448

Marr, Wilhelm, 338, 411

Martin Bormann

concept of God, 110

Martin Luther. See under Luther, Martin

Marx, Karl, 80, 131, 286, 287, 309, 326, 327, 356, 357, 365, 368, 431, 436

McGrath, Alister, 244

Mein Kampf, 7, 8, 13, 48–49, 56, 81, 88, 94–98, 100, 101, 104, 108, 111, 119, 135, 136, 139, 140, 150, 179, 180, 203, 204, 211, 214, 245, 248–49, 254, 255, 257, 258, 266, 269, 272, 278–84, 284–87, 288, 295, 304, 308, 316, 322, 324, 326, 327, 334, 336, 355, 358, 362, 366, 367, 368, 382, 384, 385, 388, 393, 394, 416, 426, 441

and Darwinism, 366–68

natural selection as essential to the development of life, 366

Christ in, 108–9

Folkish Ideology, 98–100

reference to Luther, 81

reflecting Chamberlain, 334

reflecting Gobineau, 284–87

reflecting Kant, 248–49

relevance for today, 442

Will, 280–81

Memoirs of a Confidant, Otto Wagener, 145–46, 148

Mencken, H.L., 412, 421

Mengele, Joseph, 381

Metapolitics:  The Roots of the Nazi Mind, Peter Viereck, 326–30

Metternich, 271

Meyer-Erlach, Wolf, 187

Michael, Prof. Robert, 210

Middle Ages, 7, 26, 34, 40, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 71, 268, 418 See also Christian:anti-Semitism:medieval

Jewish prosperity, 55

Ministry of Church Affairs, 184

Ministry of Justice, 185

Moltmann, Ludwig, 287

Monism as Connecting Religion and Science:  The Confession of Faith of a Man of Science, Ernst Haeckel, 381

Moravian Brethren, 242

Mosse, George, 2, 80, 92, 230, 250, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 304, 308, 320, 362, 366

The Crisis of German Ideology. See Crisis of German Ideology, The, Prof. Mosse

Mueller, Ludwig (Reich Bishop), 147, 182, 183, 191, 192

Mussolini, 83, 204, 233, 429, 446

Myth of the Twentieth Century, The, Alfred Rosenberg, 177, 204, 269, 358

N

Napoleon, 76, 110, 240, 241, 242, 246, 255, 270, 271, 273, 288, 317, 347, 441

and Hitler, comparison, 240–42

National Evangelical Church, 182

National Socialism, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 12, 14–51, 82, 92, 95, 98, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 141, 151, 162, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 193, 194, 198, 203, 227–96, 304, 313, 321, 334, 335, 362, 366, 369, 370, 383, 386, 427, 429, 434, 435, 440, 443, See also Folkish Ideology

a nation has its own nature and man must align with it, 262

a new faith, 177

and Folkish Ideology

summary of major philosophic themes leading to, 440–42

and Islamic extremism, 442–43

and liberal secularism, 444, 445, 443–49

and modern technology, 230–32

arguments against connections to Darwinism, 362, 365

believed a continuation of Luther’s Reformation, 80

Bormann, 181, 386

Catholic response, 141, 202, 203

Chamberlain, 335, 345, 346, 357

liberal Protestant influence, 340

compatible with Positive Christianity, 116

connections to Darwinism, 362–69

distinctly German concept, 230

Germanic Christians, 196, 197, 198, See also Faith Movement of German Christians

Hitler believed was incompatible with Christianity, 186

ideological origins summarized, 429–31

incompatible with scripture, 117, 211, 214

lie of the devil, 17–18

major themes from Enlightenment philosophies which influenced, 440

meant to dominate the churches, 182

Nietzsche, 412, 421, 429

not sufficiently opposed within the church, 9, 170, 191, 208, 216, See also Barmen Declaration, See also persecution of the church

parallels with Communism, 427–29, 445

presumes man’s independence from God, 350

propagandized, 186, 190

sources, 10

to be reflected in all aspects of life, 123

Wagner, 304, 312, 315, 316

National Socialist Teachers League, 286

Nazi anti-Semitism, 56. See also National Socialism. See also German anti-Semitism

conventional secular explanations for the cruelty of, 20

Nazi death camps, 56

Nazi Gauleiters, 27, 120, 124, 180, 181, 192, 335

Nazi Minister of Church Affairs, 103

Nazi party platform, 115–18

Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933-1945, The

Professor John Conway, 2, 9, 103

Nazi policies towards churches. See also persecution of the church, See also Hitler and the churches

Austria, 121–22

Poland, 123–25

given Hitler’s personal approval, 123

separation of church and state, 123

Naziism

and eugenics, 369

key points used to link to Christianity, 5

biblical teachings. See biblical teaching and the Jews, See biblical concept of death, See biblical concept of government, See biblical concept of freedom, See biblical concept of man, See biblical concept of man

Christian anti-semites. See Luther, Martin, See Chrysostom, John, See Christian, anti-Semitism

Hitler’s supporters. See Germanic Christianity, See Christian:support of Hitler’s policies

medieval persecution of the Jews by the church, 53, See Christian:anti-Semitism:medieval

statements by Hitler. See Hitler

Niemoller, Martin, 144, 169–70, 184, 185, 191, 209–12

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 10, 21, 32, 75, 101, 155, 163, 181, 229, 249, 252, 258, 279, 281, 282, 288, 304, 311, 314, 315, 318, 323, 335, 380, 381, 399–431, 441

a biological racist, 413, 422, 423

Antichrist:  Curse on Christianity, The, 21, 32, 101, 143, 151, 311, 399, 400, 403–4, 407, 412, 414, 417, 418, 420, 421, 422, 424, 430, 431

anti-Semitism

condemned Christian anti-Semitism, 403, 411, 424

Jews infected Western civilization through Christianity, 402

any philosopher seeing a moral order to the universe was infected with Jewish principles, 411

approved of certain types of anti-Semitism, 402–3

argued for the necessity of slavery, 407

believed a great part of the Bible had been falsified by the Jews, 410

believed in sub-humans who deserved destruction, 407

Beyond Good and Evil, 410, 413, 416, 421

called the most influential thinker of our time, 399

Christ

rebel against the status quo, 414

teachings distorted by apostles, 414

condemned German superiority, 403, 413

contrasted with Hitler, 401

delusions, 412

did not object to all theism, 401

spoke favorably of Greek polytheism, 402

spoke favorably of Hinduism, 402, 407

spoke favorably of Islam, 402

spoke favorably of original Jewish concept, 402, 409, 412

Ecce Homo, 400

elitist who disliked left-wing socialism, 403

Eight Orations Against the Jews, 63

emphasis on self, 399

ideas embedded deeply in Western society, 400

ignorance of or contempt for common human feelings, 413

Jewish historical understanding identical to Nietzsche, 410

links to Hitler, 424–27

(historic) Christianity is false, harmful, and bad, 404

advocated extermination of the weak, 400, 407

Aryan master race, 422, 423

Christianity is essentially Jewish, 404

despised kindness, pity, and mercy as weak, 400

ideas on Judaism and Christianity closely related, 404

Jews devised Christianity to weaken stronger peoples, 404

visited Nietzsche archives, 403

On the Genealogy of Morals, 402, 404, 422, 425

on the Jews, 408–13

approved of some Jews, 413

Old Testament devised to enslave the people, 75

Pontius Pilate only New Testament figure worthy of honor, 413

praised caste system, 403

presented as apostle of radical personal freedom, 407

proponents of not destined to be Nazi’s, 400

publisher of books with ideas identical to Naziism, 401

rightness imputed by pleasure derived, 399

sister alleged to have altered works, 401

strongly opposed to Christianity, 402, 404, 405, 406, 408, 410, 422

equality of souls, 407, 423

The Antichrist:  Curse on Christianity, 75

violent dominance is a virtue, 422

virtue to be an invention of the self, 399

Nordenskiold, Erik, 382

History of Biology

dismisses the worth of Haeckel’s book, 382

Nuremberg Racial Laws, 6, 44, 47–48, 207, 295

O

On the Genealogy of Morals, Friedrich Nietzsche, 402, 404, 422, 425

On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany, Heinrich Heine, 267

On the World Soul, Schelling, 259

Orenstein, Phil, 276

Origin of Species, The, Charles Darwin, 394

orphans under Hitler, 121, 176

Ozment, Steven, 83, 84

P

Padfield, Peter, 242, 407

Paine, Thomas, 431

Pan-German Association, 120, 160, 178, 294–95

commended by Hitler, 295

Folkish Ideology, 294

Papal encyclical

Mit Brennender Sorge, 203

Papal Nuncio, 104, 182

Papen, Franz von, 105

Parsifal, Richard Wagner, 314, 411

Pascal’s Fire:  Scientific Faith and Religious Understanding, Keith Ward, 375

Passing of the Great Race, Madison Grant, 379

Paulsen, Friedrich, 382

persecution of the church, 118–19, 174, See also Christian, opposition to Hitler’s policies

assualt, 133

banning of publications, 103, 104, 121, 204

Blood Purge, 105, See also Blood Purge

cancellation of salaries, 185

closing of hospitals, 104

closing of orphanages, 121

closing of schools, 104, 121, 122, 124, 185

confiscation of church properties, 103–4, 121, 122, 123, 185

contacts with Vatican forbidden, 123

dissolution of religious groups, 121

expulsion, 122, 123, 124, 185

forced labor, 124

incarceration, 103, 104, 122, 124, 133, 173, 183, 185, 205

indoctrination of youths, 220

legal status revoked, 121, 183

murder, 105, 123, 124

negative propaganda, 104, 121, 122, 183, 220

restriction of ministries, 121, 123, 124, 185

restriction of religious observation, 122, 124

membership forbidden for Nazi party members, 124

membership forbidden for school teachers, 124

membership forbidden if under the age of 21, 124

Physical Geography, Immanuel Kant, 250

Pietists, 80, 242, 258

Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan, 266

Plato, 199, 402, 423, 438

pogroms, 5, 7, 17, 18, 30, 33, 43, 50, 54, 55, 85, 169, 173, 200, 205, 210, 296, 320, 412

Polish churches

Nazi policies towards, 123–25

Pope, 61, 83, 103, 104, 136, 141, 144, 183, 203, 204, 412, 424, 451

Popp, Mr. and Mrs., 256, 257

Positive Christianity, 2, 115, 116, 117, 138, 176, 177, 178, 181, 184, 195, 289, See also Germanic Christianity

is one purged of Jewish elements, 116, 181

is one totally submissive to Naziism, 116, 195

Presuppositions

the reality of evil and humanity’s sinful nature, 439

Presuppositions in historical interpretation, 11, 57, 451

original sin, 19–22

Preysing, Bishop, 176

Protestant writers and the Jews, 83

Prussian Union of the Confessing Church, 143, 173, 184, 186, 188, 200, 205, 206, 208, 359

Barmen Declaration, 193–96

what was the?, 173

Pugachev, Emelian, 232

R

Race and Nation, H. S. Chamberlain, 335

Rauschning, Hermann, 145, 323

Hitler Speaks, 323

Razin, Stenka, 232

Reformation, 7, 12, 14, 28, 67, 70, 73, 74, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 191, 193, 198, 242, 250, 251, 263, 276, 296, 359, 418, 423

Reich and Prussian Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs, 184

Reich Bishop, 182, 183, 191, 192

Reich Chancellery, 140, 206, 207

Reich Minister of Religion, Hans Kerrl, 220, See also Kerrl, Hans

Reich, Wilhelm, 229

Reichsgau Wartheland (the Warthegau), 123–25

Reimer, Josef, 287

Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone, Immanuel Kant, 246

Rembrandt as Educator, Julius Langbehn, 293

Richard I of England, 61

Richards, Robert, 373, 375, 380

Riddle of the Universe, The, Ernst Haeckel, 370, 377, 380, 382, 389

Riefenstahl, Leni, 254

Rienzi, 323, 324, 325

inspired Hitler’s Nazi dream, 324

Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, The, William Shirer, 77, 98, 271

Ritschl, Albrecht, 198

Roehm, Ernst, 102, 115, 116, 159, 322

Rose, Paul, 18, 51, 87, 240, 285

Rose, Paul Lawrence, 2, 91, 246, 297, 298, 304, 330, 331, 395, 430, 432

Rosenbaum, Ron, 227

Explaining Hitler, 227

Rosenberg, Alfred, 173, 176, 177, 178, 177–78, 182, 184, 186, 196, 197, 204, 269, 335, 358, 422

The Myth of the Twentieth Century, 177, 204, 269, 358

Rousseau, 240, 297, 298, 331, 433, 459

emphasized feeling and passion, 240

general welfare of state greater in importance than individual life, 241

influened Kant, Fichte, and Hegel, 240

Rousseau, 240

Ruhs, Friedrich, 276

Russell, Bertrand

parallels Nietzsche’s endorsement of cruelty for the benefit of mankind, 423

Russell, William, 220

Russian Rebels:  1600-1800, Paul Avrich, 232

Russian support of Hitler, 170

Ryback, Timothy, 253, 254, 255, 257, 278, 290

S

SA (Sturmabteilung, storm troopers, Brownshirts), 101, 119, 122, 138, 145, 147, 148, 162, 171, 190, 192, 196, 197, 270, 440

Sachsenhausen. See under concentration camps, Sachsenhausen

Schallmeyer, Wilhelm, 379

Schelling

On the World Soul, 259

Schemann, Ludwig, 286, 287

Schemm, Hans, 286

Schirach, Baldur von, 146

Schleicher, Kurt von, 165

Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 198, 199, 291

Schmitz, Elisabeth, 205

Schonerer, Georg von, 120, 160, 178, 295, 385, 390

Schopenhauer, Arthur, 81, 117, 163, 243, 249, 258, 272, 288, 291, 304, 305, 309, 311, 312, 313, 336, 347, 356, 372, 381, 390, 425, 429

expanded and radicalized Kant’s ideas, 283

individual has no value, 282

Jews aliens and parasites, 283

Judaism to be destroyed through assimilation, 284

life pointless, 284

man merely advanced animal, 283

quoted in Mein Kampf, 279

Schopenhauerian Christianity, 284, 311

blamed Christianity on the Jews, 283

The World as Will and Representation, 278, 312

ultimate Will, 280

SD (Sicherheitsdienst, Security Service), 171, See also Heydrich, Reinhard

Sebottendorff, Rudolf von, 434

Second Book, Hitler, 224, 258, 279, 301, 361, 395, 397, 426, 433

Security Service. See under SD (Sicherheitsdienst, Security Service)

Shirer, William L., 77, 98, 102, 105, 114, 115, 116, 144, 165, 166, 167, 171, 189, 205, 212, 268, 271, 334, 335, 401

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 77

Sicherheitsdienst. See under SD (Sicherheitsdienst, Security Service)

Social Darwinism, 49, 94, 99, 268, 287, 292, 362, 390

Society Against Jewish Domination, 295

Solf, Frau, 171

Spanda, The Secret Diaries, Speer, 324

Spanish Inquisition, 285, See also Inquisition

Speer, 143, 324

Spinoza, 199, 246, 412, 413

SS, 20, 104, 123, 125, 180, 193, 357, 450

Stalin, Joseph, 11, 46, 76, 77, 110, 130, 131, 133, 136, 144, 167, 170, 178, 190, 197, 205, 219, 242, 266, 326, 357, 365, 388, 401, 402, 423, 427, 428, 429, 436, 437, 446, 448

Stalingrad, 261

Steffens, Heinrich, 269

Steigmann-Gall, Richard, 3, 4, 13, 22, 23, 27, 28, 79, 80, 107, 116, 117, 118, 145, 186, 192, 258, 272, 291, 311, 314, 315, 335, 340

Stein, Leo, 169, 210

Stellbrink, Pastor Karl Friedrich, 175

Stephen of Sofia, 221

Stoecker, Adolf, 412

storm troopers. See SA (Sturmabteilung, storm troopers, Brownshirts)

Strasser, Gregor, 320

Streicher, Julius, 44, 47, 129, 152

Swedenborg, cult of, 293

Sylten, Dr., 205

T

textual criticism of the Bible, 199–202, 334, 340, 352, 414

Theune, B., 271

Thule Society, 434

Thuringian German Christians, 196

Toland, John, 295

Toledoth Yeshu, 71

Trachtenberg, Joshua, 62

Trade Unions under Hitler, 114

Treitschke, Heinrich von, 277

Handbuch des Judentums, 252

Triumph of the Will, 326

Trocme, Pastor Andre, 221

V

Vatican, 83, 103, 104, 124, 139, 140, 141, 180, 189, 203, 204

Victory of Judaism over Germanism, The, Wilhelm Marr, 411

Viereck, Peter

criticisms of, 326–30

Viereck, Peter, Metapolitics:  The Roots of the Nazi Mind, 2, 177, 190, 268, 269, 270, 271, 282, 289, 291, 292, 294, 304–7, 308, 309, 315, 318, 322, 323, 324, 362

Voelkischer Beobachter, 107, 335

Voltaire, 238, 239, 240, 359

Dictionnaire philosophique, 239

Vrekham, Georges van, 253, 393

W

Wagener, Otto

Memoirs of a Confidant, 145–46, 148

Wagner circle, 321, See also Bayreuth circle

Hitler on familiar terms with, 321

Wagner, Cosima, 305, 310, 311, 317, 318, 320, 321, 324

Wagner, Richard, 2, 10, 12, 81, 88, 155, 163, 229, 248, 249, 255, 258, 282, 286, 287, 291, 304–30, 334, 335, 336, 339, 345, 347, 356, 362, 375, 380, 390, 403, 410, 411, 414, 417, 418, 422, 423, 430, 441, 443

Aryan supremacy, 305

Christianity, 310–15, See also Christian, What is a?

Jesus as revolutionary, 310

revealed by Schopenhauer, 312

Darwinism, 305

preferred a special origin for Aryans, 305

freedom in unity, 307

Fuhrer principle, 308

hidden power at work in world, 304

combined Schopenhauer with Hegel, 305

Will, 311

Hitler, 321–26

humans merely animals, 305

breeding and selection could advance humanity, 305, 306

ideal Germany farming, feasting, and warring, 317

ideas compared to notable Christians’, 318–19

Jews

believed them all-powerful, 320

believed they sought to rule the world, 319

born enemy of pure humanity, 320

political unity, 307–8

prolific writer

stylistic model for Mein Kampf, 304

racial unity, 306–7

socialism

private property root of many social ills, 308

three contaminants of The German Folk, 306

yearned for the violent destruction of bourgeois society, 309

Wagner, Siegfried, 321

Walker, Jim, “Hitler’s Christianity”.  See under “Hitler’s Christianity,” Jim Walker

Ward, Keith, 375

Pascal’s Fire:  Scientific Faith and Religious Understanding, 375

Weikart, Richard, 2, 12, 49, 363, 373, 376, 378, 383, 389, 393, 394, 421

From Darwin to Hitler:  Evolutionary Ethics, Eugenics, and Racism in Germany, 2, 49, 373, 421

Weil, Simon, 12, 310, 311, 312, 316, 318, 319, 320

Weil, Simon:, 311

Weimar Republic, 42, 76, 77, 131, 133, 163, 164, 165, 167, 169, 170, 194, 216, 375

depravity of, 163

Weissler, Dr., 196

Wellhausen, Julius, 198, 199–200, 340

Wesley, John, 109, 318

What’s Left?, Nick Cohen, 442

Wiesel, Elie, 451

Wilhelm II, 171

Wilm, Ernst, 176

Wintzingerode, General, 271

Wistrich, Robert, 172, 288, 425

Hitler and the Holocaust:  How and Why the Holocaust Happened, 425

Wonders of Life, Ernst Haeckel, 373, 374

World as Will and Representation, The, Arthur Schopenhauer, 278, 312

World Spirit, 59, 110, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 278, 282, 293

World War I, 7, 14, 77, 83, 107, 116, 133, 137, 163, 217, 222, 268, 275, 376

Worte Christi (Words of Christ), 255

Wuerttemberg, 173, 183, 206

Wurm, Bishop Theophil, 175, 176, 183, 206, 207, 208

Y

Years of Extermination:  Nazi Germany and the Jews, The, Saul Friedländer, 207, 425

YMCA, 221

Young Hegelians, 309

Young Hitler I Knew, The, August Kubizek, 235

Z

Zinzendorf, Count, 242

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